我国区域规划的编制与实施的若干问题

区域规划是协调人口、经济、资源、环境之间的关系以及地区关系的区域开发与国土整治方案,是市场经济下政府进行宏观调控的重大举措,目前我国的区域规划编制和实施还存在一定问题,主要是各层次规划衔接不力,从而了区域规划的实施和应用。借鉴国外的规划体系、内容和实施途径,针对我国区域规划的实施问题,提出如下建议：（１）建立完善的区域规划体系、协调区域规划与经济计划的相互关系,以及与土地利用规划和城市规划的关系。     

上海与长江中上游地区经济协调发展研究

上海与长江中上游地区经济协调发展是长江流域经济协调发展和西部大开发战略的重要组成部分。通过区域经济协作和协调发展关系和含义的探讨,对上海与长江中上游地区经济协作与协调发展的现状和问题作了分析,并在此基础上详细论述了上海与长江中上游地区协调发展的潜力与有利条件,以此探索实现上海和长江中上游地区经济协调发展的方向、方式和有效途径。认为,尽管上海与长江中上游地区经济协作与协调发展仍存在不少问题和限制因素,但出众地具有经济作与协调发展的诸多潜力与有利条件：（1）两地具有经济协作和协调发展的强大政策优势;（2）长江中上游地区自然资源富集,将成为我国重要的能源基地和原材料基地;（3）产业互补性强,有深远的合作前景;（4）各具区位优势,市场潜力巨大。     

山东省循环经济建设的生态效率测度

构建山东省循环经济建设的生态效率评价指标体系,对山东省的生态效率进行测度,并探讨经济发展与环境压力的脱钩/复钩关系.结果表明,2000-2010年,山东省GDP呈快速增长趋势,年均增长率达13.08％,各自然输入要素中用水总量、SO2和COD排放量呈下降趋势.各类自然输入要素的生态效率总体呈逐步提高趋势,其中COD排放、SO2排放和用水总量的生态效率年均增长率分别达18.59％、14.85％和14.13％,这3个指标处于强脱钩状态,其他指标均处于弱脱钩状态.总体而言,经济增长与环境保护的矛盾有所缓解,但能源的大量投入导致碳排放压力仍较大.     

流域水生态功能区划及其关键问题

作为流域生态系统管理和水资源保护的重要手段,如何科学合理地开展流域水生态功能区划,已成为世界各国可持续发展所面临的关键挑战之一.本文立足我国流域综合管理的特点和发展趋势,针对我国现行水功能区划的问题,结合国外流域水生态区划的经验,提出了基于流域生态学、地域分异规律、生态系统健康与生态完整性、流域生态系统管理等理论基础的,以恢复流域持续性、完整性生态系统健康为目标,反映流域水陆耦合体在不同时空尺度景观异质性的流域水生态功能区划及其原则,重点分析了流域水生态系统的空间格局、生态过程以及动态演替等3个区划的关键问题,并提出了区划的方法,以期为我国流域水生态功能区划和流域生态系统管理提供战略层次的科学依据.     

基于“压力—状态—响应”机制的济宁市农业面源污染研究

运用清单分析、等标污染负荷和聚类分析等方法对济宁市农业面源污染进行了综合分析与评价,以明确济宁市农业面源污染状况及特征,有针对性地采取合理的污染防治措施。结果表明,济宁市农业面源污染中最主要的污染源为畜禽养殖,最主要的污染物为TN。2011年济宁市农业面源污染造成的综合水质指数平均值为1.73,达到轻度污染水平。梁山县、兖州市处于高压、高敏感区,是全市农业面源污染防治的重点区域。济宁东部农业面源污染中度敏感区是占整个控制区比例最高的区域,畜禽养殖是中度敏感区的重点污染源;复合污染型是全市农业面源污染治理中最为困难的类型。针对污染现状及类型,提出了一系列有针对性的控制对策。     

Organophosphate dichlorvos induced dose‐related differential alterations in lipid levels and lipid peroxidation in various regions of the fish brain and spinal cord

Abstract

The effect of dichlorvos (DDVP) (0–0, dimethyl 2: 2‐dichlorovinyl phosphate), on various lipid fractions and lipid peroxidation in the discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord were studied in the fresh water teleost (Heteropneustes fossilis). Fishes were exposed to three different doses (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 ppm) of DDVP daily for 7 days. Dose‐related increase in the levels of total lipids, cholesterol and esterified fatty acids was detected in the fore brain, optic lobes, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. However, phospholipids were significantly decreased in the aforementioned regions of the central nervous system. The rate of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in all the regions of the CNS.     

External Contribution to Urban Air Pollution

Elevated particulate matter concentrations in urbanlocations have normally been associated with local trafficemissions. Recently it has been suggested that suchepisodes are influenced to a high degree by PM₁₀sources external to urban areas. To further corroboratethis hypothesis, linear regression was sought betweenPM₁₀ concentrations measured at eight urban sites inthe U.K., with particulate sulphate concentration measuredat two rural sites, for the years 1993–1997. Analysis ofthe slopes, intercepts and correlation coefficientsindicate a possible relationship between urban PM₁₀and rural sulphate concentrations. The influences of winddirection and of the distance of the urban from the ruralsites on the values of the three statistical parametersare also explored. The value of linear regression as ananalysis tool in such cases is discussed and it is shownthat an analysis of the sign of the rate of change of theurban PM₁₀ and rural sulphate concentrations providesa more realistic method of correlation. The resultsindicate a major influence on urban PM₁₀ concentrations from the eastern side of the UnitedKingdom. Linear correlation was also sought using PM₁₀ data from nine urban sites in London and nearby ruralRochester. Analysis of the magnitude of the gradients andintercepts together with episode correlation analysisbetween the two sites showed the effect of transportedPM₁₀ on the local London concentrations. This articlealso presents methods to estimate the influence of ruraland urban PM₁₀ sources on urban PM₁₀ concentrations and to obtain a rough estimate of thetransboundary contribution to urban air pollution from thePM₁₀ concentration data of the urban site.     

A study on the Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance, and Regional Nitrogen Flow Through Crop Production

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 108 kg ha^–1 year^–1 and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from –30 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 101 kg ha^–1 year^–1. Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at –55 kg ha^–1 as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha^–1 as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil–water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.